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In 1994 Thieves Left a Note Which Read "Thanks for the Poor Security" When Stealing What Painting?

Written By Friday, March 4, 2022 Add Comment Edit

1893 painting by Edvard Munch

The Scream
Norwegian: Skrik ,
German: Der Schrei der Natur
Figure on cliffside walkway holding head with hands
Artist Edvard Munch
Year 1893
Blazon Oil, tempera, pastel and crayon on cardboard
Movement Proto-Expressionism
Dimensions 91 cm × 73.5 cm (36 in × 28.ix in)
Location National Gallery and Munch Museum, Oslo, Norway

The Scream is the popular proper noun given to a composition created by Norwegian artist Edvard Munch in 1893. The agonized face up in the painting has become ane of the almost iconic images of fine art, seen as symbolizing the feet of the human being condition. Munch'southward work, including The Scream, would go along to have a determinative influence on the Expressionist movement.[i]

Munch recalled that he had been out for a walk at dusk when suddenly the setting dominicus's light turned the clouds "a blood red". He sensed an "infinite scream passing through nature". Scholars have located the spot to a fjord overlooking Oslo[2] and have suggested other explanations for the unnaturally orangish heaven, ranging from the furnishings of a volcanic eruption to a psychological reaction by Munch to his sister's commitment at a nearby lunatic asylum.

Munch created two versions in paint and two in pastels, every bit well every bit a lithograph rock from which several prints survive. Both painted versions take been stolen, but since recovered. One of the pastel versions allowable the 4th highest nominal price paid for an artwork at a public sale. The Norwegian championship is Skrik (Shriek), and the German championship was Der Schrei der Natur (The Scream of Nature).[3]

Sources of inspiration [edit]

In his diary in an entry headed "Nice 22 January 1892", Munch wrote:

One evening I was walking forth a path, the city was on one side and the fjord below. I felt tired and ill. I stopped and looked out over the fjord – the sun was setting, and the clouds turning claret blood-red. I sensed a scream passing through nature; information technology seemed to me that I heard the scream. I painted this picture, painted the clouds as actual blood. The color shrieked. This became The Scream.[4]

He subsequently described his inspiration for the image:

I was walking along the route with ii friends – the sun was setting – suddenly the heaven turned claret red – I paused, feeling exhausted, and leaned on the contend – at that place was blood and tongues of fire higher up the blue-black fjord and the city – my friends walked on, and I stood there trembling with anxiety – and I sensed an infinite scream passing through nature.[iv] [5]

Among theories advanced to business relationship for the blood-red heaven in the background is the artist's memory of the effects of the powerful volcanic eruption of Krakatoa, which deeply tinted sunset skies red in parts of the Western hemisphere for months during 1883 and 1884, nearly a decade before Munch painted The Scream.[half-dozen] This explanation has been disputed by scholars, who note that Munch was an expressive painter and was not primarily interested in literal renderings of what he had seen. Another caption for the red skies is that they are due to the appearance of nacreous clouds which occur at the latitude of Norway and which look remarkably similar to the skies depicted in The Scream.[seven] [8] Alternatively, it has been suggested that the proximity of both a slaughterhouse and a lunatic aviary to the site depicted in the painting may accept offered some inspiration.[ix] The scene was identified equally beingness the view from a road overlooking Oslo, by the Oslofjord and Hovedøya, from the loma of Ekeberg.[10] At the time of painting the work, Munch's manic depressive sister Laura Catherine was a patient at the mental aviary at the foot of Ekeberg.

In 1978, the Munch scholar Robert Rosenblum suggested that the strange, skeletal creature in the foreground of the painting was inspired by a Peruvian mummy, which Munch could accept seen at the 1889 Exposition Universelle in Paris. This mummy, which was buried in a fetal position with its hands alongside its face, also struck the imagination of Munch's friend Paul Gauguin: it stood as a model for figures in more than twenty of Gauguin's paintings, among those the key figure in his painting Man misery (Grape harvest at Arles) and for the former adult female at the left in his painting Where Exercise We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?.[11] In 2004, an Italian anthropologist speculated that Munch might take seen a mummy in Florence'south Museum of Natural History, which bears an fifty-fifty more striking resemblance to the painting.[12] Notwithstanding, later studies have disputed the Italian theory, every bit Munch did non visit Florence until subsequently painting The Scream.[13]

The imagery of The Scream has been compared to that which an individual suffering from depersonalization disorder experiences, a feeling of distortion of the environment and one's cocky.[14]

Arthur Lubow has described The Scream every bit "an icon of modern art, a Mona Lisa for our fourth dimension."[15] It has been widely interpreted as representing the universal anxiety of modern humanity.[1]

Versions [edit]

Munch created 4 versions, 2 in paint and two in pastels. The commencement painted version was the get-go exhibited, debuting in 1893. It is in the drove of the National Gallery of Kingdom of norway in Oslo. This is the version that has the barely visible pencil inscription "Kan kun være malet af en gal Mand!" ("could only accept been painted by a madman"). A pastel version from that year, which may take been a preliminary report, is in the collection of the Munch Museum, also in Oslo. The second pastel version, from 1895, was owned past the German Jewish art collector Hugo Simon[16] who sold it to Norwegian ship owner Thomas Olsen "around 1937".[17] It was sold for $119,922,600 at Sotheby'south Impressionist and Modern Art auction on 2 May 2012 to financier Leon Black.[18] [nineteen] The auction was contested by the heirs of Hugo Simon.[20] [21] [22] The second painted version dates from 1910, during a menses when Munch revisited some of his prior compositions.[23] Information technology is also in the collection of the Munch Museum. These versions have seldom traveled, though the 1895 pastel was exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art in New York from Oct 2012 to April 2013,[24] [25] and the 1893 pastel was exhibited at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam in 2015.[26]

Additionally, Munch created a lithograph stone of the composition in 1895 from which several prints produced past Munch survive.[27] Only approximately four dozen prints were fabricated earlier the original stone was resurfaced past the printer in Munch's absence.[28]

The cloth limerick of the 1893 painted version was examined in 2010.[29] The pigment assay revealed the use of cadmium yellow, vermilion, ultramarine and viridian, amidst other pigments in use in the 19th century.[30]

Pencil inscription [edit]

Pencil inscription on the National Gallery of Norway's The Scream

The version held by the National Museum of Norway has a pencil inscription, in small lettering, in the upper left corner, maxim "Kan kun være malet af en gal Mand!" ("could only have been painted by a madman"). It tin can only be seen on shut examination of the painting. This had been presumed to be a comment by a critic or a visitor to an exhibition. It was kickoff noticed when the painting was exhibited in Copenhagen in 1904, eleven years later on this version was painted. Following infrared photography, written report of the handwriting now shows that the comment was added by Munch. The theory has been put forward that Munch added the inscription afterwards the disquisitional comments made when the painting was first exhibited in Norway in October 1895. There is skilful evidence that Munch was deeply hurt by that criticism, beingness sensitive to the mental illness that was prevalent in his family.[31]

Thefts [edit]

The Scream has been the target of a number of thefts and theft attempts. Some impairment has been suffered in these thefts.

Two men breaking into the National Gallery, Oslo, to steal the gallery's version (1893 tempera on cardboard) of The Scream, February 1994

The Scream back in the National Gallery later recovery and earlier restoration, September 2006.

1994 theft [edit]

On 12 February 1994, the same day as the opening of the 1994 Wintertime Olympics in Lillehammer,[32] ii men broke into the National Gallery, Oslo, and stole its version of The Scream, leaving a notation reading "Cheers for the poor security".[33] [34] The painting had been moved downward to a 2d-story gallery[35] as part of the Olympic festivities.[36] After the gallery refused to pay a ransom need of U.s.$1 million in March 1994, Norwegian police set up a sting functioning with assistance from the British police (SO10) and the Getty Museum and the painting was recovered undamaged on seven May 1994.[35] In Jan 1996, four men were bedevilled in connection with the theft, including Pål Enger [no], who had been bedevilled of stealing Munch's Vampire in 1988.[37] They were released on entreatment on legal grounds: the British agents involved in the sting operation had entered Norway under false identities.[38]

2004 theft [edit]

The 1910 version of The Scream was stolen on 22 August 2004, during daylight hours, when masked gunmen entered the Munch Museum in Oslo and stole it and Munch'south Madonna.[39] A bystander photographed the robbers as they escaped to their car with the artwork. On 8 April 2005, Norwegian law arrested a suspect in connection with the theft, merely the paintings remained missing and it was rumored that they had been burned by the thieves to destroy evidence.[40] [41] On ane June 2005, with 4 suspects already in custody in connectedness with the crime, the urban center authorities of Oslo offered a reward of 2 million Norwegian krone (roughly United states$313,500 or €231,200) for data that could help locate the paintings.[42] Although the paintings remained missing, 6 men went on trial in early on 2006, variously charged with either helping to plan or participating in the robbery. Iii of the men were bedevilled and sentenced to betwixt four and eight years in prison in May 2006, and two of the convicted, Bjørn Hoen and Petter Tharaldsen, were also ordered to pay compensation of 750 million kroner (roughly US$117.6 million or €86.seven 1000000) to the Urban center of Oslo.[43] The Munch Museum was closed for ten months for a security overhaul.[44]

On 31 August 2006, Norwegian police announced that a constabulary functioning had recovered both The Scream and Madonna, simply did not reveal detailed circumstances of the recovery. The paintings were said to exist in a better-than-expected condition. "We are 100 percentage certain they are the originals," police chief Iver Stensrud told a news conference. "The harm was much less than feared."[45] [46] Munch Museum director Ingebjørg Ydstie confirmed the condition of the paintings, proverb it was much better than expected and that the impairment could exist repaired.[47] The Scream had wet damage on the lower left corner, while Madonna suffered several tears on the right side of the painting every bit well as two holes in Madonna'southward arm.[48] Earlier repairs and restoration began, the paintings were put on public brandish by the Munch Museum beginning 27 September 2006. During the 5-twenty-four hour period exhibition, 5,500 people viewed the damaged paintings. The conserved works went back on brandish on 23 May 2008, when the exhibition "Scream and Madonna – Revisited" at the Munch Museum in Oslo displayed the paintings together.[49] Some impairment to The Scream may prove impossible to repair, but the overall integrity of the piece of work has not been compromised.[50] [51]

In 2008 Idemitsu Petroleum Norge Every bit committed an endowment of 4 million Norwegian krone towards the conservation, research and presentation of The Scream and Madonna.[52]

Record sale at auction [edit]

The 1895 pastel-on-board version of the work, owned past Norwegian businessman Petter Olsen, sold at Sotheby'due south in London for a record price of nigh US$120 million at sale on two May 2012.[53] [54] The behest started at $40 1000000 and lasted for over 12 minutes when American businessman Leon Blackness by phone gave the final offering of The states$119,922,500, including the buyer's premium.[xix] Sotheby's said the work was the virtually colorful and vibrant of the 4 versions painted by Munch and the only version whose frame was hand-painted by the artist to include his verse form, detailing the piece of work's inspiration.[24] After the sale, Sotheby's auctioneer Tobias Meyer said the work was "worth every penny", adding: "Information technology is i of the not bad icons of art in the world and whoever bought it should be congratulated."[55]

The previous record for the most expensive work of art sold at sale had been held by Picasso'southward Nude, Green Leaves and Bust, which went for The states$106.v million at Christie's two years prior on four May 2010.[56] As of 2018, the pastel remains the fourth highest nominal toll paid for a painting at auction.[57]

In popular culture [edit]

The mask from Scream (1996) was inspired by The Scream.

In the belatedly twentieth century, The Scream was imitated, parodied, and (following its copyright expiration) outright copied, which led to it acquiring an iconic status in popular culture. It was used on the comprehend of some editions of Arthur Janov's 1970 book The Central Scream.[58]

In 1983–1984, pop artist Andy Warhol made a series of silk screen prints copying works by Munch, including The Scream. His stated intention was to desacralize the painting by making it into a mass-reproducible object. Munch had already begun that process, however, by making a lithograph of the work for reproduction. Erró's ironic and irreverent treatment of Munch'southward masterpiece in his acrylic paintings The Second Scream (1967) and Ding Dong (1979) is considered a characteristic of mail service-modern art.[59] The expression of Kevin McCallister (Macaulay Culkin) in the affiche for the movie Domicile Alone was inspired by The Scream.[ citation needed ]

The Ghostface mask worn by the principal antagonists of the Scream series of horror movies is based on the painting. It was created past Brigitte Sleiertin of the Fun Earth costume visitor for the Halloween market place, prior to being discovered by Marianne Maddalena and Wes Craven for the flick.[sixty]

The principal conflicting antagonists depicted in the 2011 BBC series of Doc Who, named "The Silence", have an appearance partially based on The Scream.[61]

In 2013, The Scream was one of 4 paintings that the Norwegian mail chose for a series of stamps marker the 150th ceremony of Edvard Munch's birth.[62] In 2022 Norwegian comedy duo Ylvis fabricated a musical based on the painting'southward theft starring Pål Enger who stole information technology in 1994.[63]

A patient resource group for trigeminal neuralgia (which has been described as the most painful status in existence) have also adopted the prototype every bit a symbol of the condition.[64]

In nigh renderings, the emoji U+1F631 😱 Face SCREAMING IN FEAR is made to resemble the field of study of the painting.[65]

A simplified version of the bailiwick of the painting is one of the pictographs that was considered by the US Department of Energy for use as a non-language-specific symbol of danger in order to warn futurity human civilizations of the presence of radioactive waste.[66]

In 2016, Good Grin Company produced a figma activeness figure based on The Scream.[67]

The cover art for the MGMT album Little Dark Historic period possesses a figure resembling the bailiwick of the painting, albeit in clown-like makeup.[68]

Gallery [edit]

  • 1893, pastel on cardboard. Every bit possibly the earliest execution of The Scream, this appears to exist the version in which Munch mapped out the essentials of the limerick.

  • 1893, oil, tempera and pastel on paper-thin. The beginning version publicly displayed, and perhaps the almost recognizable, it is located at the National Gallery in Oslo, Kingdom of norway.

  • 1895, lithograph print. Virtually 45 prints were fabricated earlier the printer repurposed the lithograph stone; a few were hand colored by Munch.

  • 1895, pastel on cardboard. It was sold for nearly US$120 million at Sotheby'south in 2012, and is in the individual drove of Leon Blackness.

  • 1910, tempera on cardboard. This version was stolen from the Munch Museum in 2004, but recovered in 2006.

  • Undated, ink cartoon. This composition, which features the cardinal figure from The Scream is in the collection of the Academy Museum of Bergen.

See too [edit]

  • List of most expensive paintings
  • Listing of stolen paintings

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Eggum, Arne (1984). Munch, Edvard (ed.). Edvard Munch: Paintings, Sketches, and Studies. New York, NY: C.Northward. Potter. p. ten. ISBN0-517-55617-0. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved xx August 2019.
  2. ^ ( 59°54′02.4″N 10°46′12.9″E  /  59.900667°N x.770250°E  / 59.900667; 10.770250 )
  3. ^ https://translate.google.com/?ui=tob&sl=auto&tl=en&text=Der%20Schrei%20der%20Natur&op=translate. CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ a b Stanska, Zuzanna (12 December 2016). "The Mysterious Road From Edvard Munch's The Scream". Daily Art Mag . Retrieved 23 Oct 2019.
  5. ^ Peter Aspden (21 Apr 2012). "So, what does 'The Scream' mean?". Financial Times.
  6. ^ Olson, Donald W.; Russell L. Doescher; Marilynn S. Olson (May 2005). "The Blood-Cherry Heaven of the Scream". APS News. American Physical Society. thirteen (5). Retrieved 22 Dec 2007.
  7. ^ Svein Fikke (2017). "Screaming Clouds". Weather. 72 (5): 115–121. Bibcode:2017Wthr...72..115F. doi:10.1002/wea.2786.
  8. ^ The Sky in Edvard Munch'due south The Scream
  9. ^ "Existential Superstar: Another wait at Edvard Munch's The Scream" Slate.com Slate (22 November 2005). Retrieved 10 November 2008.
  10. ^ Egan, Bob. ""The Scream" (various media 1893–1910) – Edvard Munch – Painting Location: Oslo, Norway". PopSpots. Archived from the original on 11 Baronial 2014.
  11. ^ "La momia de united nations sarcófago de la cultura Chachapoyas en la obra de Paul Gauguin". ResearchGate . Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  12. ^ "Italian Mummy Source of 'Scream'?". Discovery Channel. 7 September 2004. Archived from the original on 11 October 2004. Retrieved 12 Dec 2006. (waybacked mirror).
  13. ^ "Edvard Munch y la Momia de un sarcófago de la Cultura Chachapoyas". ResearchGate . Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  14. ^ Simeon, Daphne; Abugel, Jeffrey (2006). Feeling Unreal: Depersonalization Disorder and the Loss of the Self. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 127. ISBN0-xix-517022-9.
  15. ^ Arthur Lubow, Edvard Munch: Beyond The Scream, Smithsonian mag, March 2006, (retrieved 29 March 2013)
  16. ^ Noce, Vincent. "Le "Cri" de Munch à la criée". Libération (in French). Retrieved 17 Apr 2021. Ce Cri appartenait aux descendants d'un richissime armateur norvégien, Petter Olsen, qui l'avait acheté au galeriste Hugo Simon en 1937.
  17. ^ Finkel, Yori (ii May 2012). "Edvard Munch's 'The Scream' goes for $119.9 million at Sotheby'south". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2021. The commencement possessor of the work sold at Sotheby's was High german chicory and coffee mogul Arthur von Franquet, a patron who likewise owned Munch's 1892 painting "Girl past the Window," at present at the Fine art Found of Chicago. Its second owner was the Berlin broker and fine art collector Hugo Simon, who sold it through an art dealer effectually 1937 to Norwegian ship possessor Thomas Olsen.
  18. ^ Vogel, Ballad (2 May 2012). "'The Scream' Is Auctioned for a Record $119.nine Million". The New York Times . Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  19. ^ a b Crow, Kelly (11 July 2012). "Munch'southward "The Scream" Sold to Financier Leon Black". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 22 August 2012. (subscription required)
  20. ^ JTA. "Jewish Family Wants 'The Scream' History Explained". The Forward. The Forrad. Archived from the original on 25 Jan 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2021. Hugo Simon endemic the painting in the 1920s and 1930s, but the banker and top art collector was to forced sell it and flee Germany after the Nazis came to ability in 1933. His heirs contested the auction before the auction in the bound, but at present say it is a moral consequence and are calling on MoMA to explicate in its brandish the painting's "tragic history," the Mail service reported, citing Rafael Cardoso, a Brazilian curator and Simon's great-grandson.
  21. ^ "News in Brief". Haaretz. Archived from the original on viii February 2020. Retrieved 17 Apr 2021.
  22. ^ Chung, Jen (14 Oct 2012). "Human Says MoMA's Loaned "Scream" Has A Nazi Past". Gothamist . Retrieved 17 Apr 2021. Cardoso tried to contest auction ahead of the auction earlier this yr, saying, "It is obvious that Hugo Simon has sold the painting under duress, probably under value." He said that the seller's owner, Petter Olsen, offered to donate $250,000 to a clemency of his pick
  23. ^ Ydstie, Ingebjørg (2008). "Introduction". The Scream. Munch Museum. p. 10. ISBN978-82-419-0532-2. ...has since been more often than not dated 1893. This date has been intensely disputed since the 1970s, however, and based on the general consensus on the professional person field, the Munch Museum has now decided to correct its official standpoint, and presumes that 1910 is a more probable appointment of origin.
  24. ^ a b Carol Vogel (17 September 2012). "'Scream' to Go along View at MoMA". The New York Times . Retrieved eighteen September 2012.
  25. ^ "Edvard Munch: The Scream". Museum of Modern Fine art. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
  26. ^ Jonathan Jones (23 September 2015). "Side by side, Edvard Munch and Vincent van Gogh scream the birth of expressionism". The Guardian . Retrieved xiv Apr 2018.
  27. ^ "The Scream". Condign Edvard Munch – Influence, Feet, and Myth. Fine art Establish of Chicago. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  28. ^ Alan Parker (2 May 2012). "Will The Real Scream Please Stand Upward". Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  29. ^ Brian Singer, Trond Aslaksby, Biljana Topalova-Casadiego and Eva Storevik Tveit, Investigation of Materials Used by Edvard Munch, Studies in Conservation 55, 2010, pp. 1–nineteen. Available also on issuu.com
  30. ^ Edvard Munch, 'The Scream', ColourLex
  31. ^ "Could only accept been painted by a madman". National Museum of Norway . Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  32. ^ Iqbal, Nosheen; Jonze, Tim (22 Jan 2020). "In pictures: The greatest fine art heists in history". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  33. ^ "4 Norwegians Guilty In Theft of 'The Scream'". The New York Times. AP. 18 January 1996. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
  34. ^ Alex Bello: From the annal, nine May 1994: Edvard Munch's stolen Scream recovered in hush-hush sting The Guardian, nine May 2012
  35. ^ a b Dolnick, Edward (2005). The Rescue Artist: A True Story of Art, Thieves, and the Hunt for a Missing Masterpiece . HarperCollins. ISBN978-0-06-053117-1.
  36. ^ "On this twenty-four hours: Fine art thieves snatch Scream". BBC News Online. 12 February 1994. Retrieved 31 August 2006.
  37. ^ "Main plan". The Guardian. 13 June 2005. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  38. ^ Matthew Hart, The Irish gaelic Game: A Truthful Story of Crime and Art, Viking Canada, 2004, p. 184.
  39. ^ "Scream stolen from Norway museum". BBC News. 22 August 2004. Retrieved three September 2006.
  40. ^ "Oslo police force abort Scream suspect". BBC News. 8 April 2005. Retrieved 22 Dec 2007.
  41. ^ "Famous Munch paintings destroyed?". Norway Mail. 28 Apr 2005. Retrieved 22 Dec 2007.
  42. ^ "Reward offered for Scream return". BBC News. 1 June 2005. Retrieved 22 Dec 2007.
  43. ^ "Three guilty of The Scream theft". BBC News. 2 May 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
  44. ^ "Entertainment | Scream theft museum reopens doors". BBC News. 18 June 2005. Retrieved v May 2012.
  45. ^ "Munch paintings recovered". Aftenposten. 31 August 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
  46. ^ "Stolen Munch paintings constitute prophylactic". BBC News. 31 August 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
  47. ^ "Munch paintings 'tin can be repaired'". BBC News. 1 September 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
  48. ^ "Museum to exhibit damaged Munch paintings". Aftenposten. 12 October 2006. Archived from the original on 4 January 2008. Retrieved 22 Dec 2007.
  49. ^ "Munch Museum". Munch.museum.no. Archived from the original on 12 August 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  50. ^ "About the conservation of The Scream and Madonna". Munch Museum. Archived from the original on 5 Jan 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
  51. ^ "'The Scream' to go back on display later 2004 heist". AFP. 3 March 2008.
  52. ^ Ødegaard, Torger (2008). "Foreword". The Scream. Munch Museum. ISBN978-82-419-0532-2.
  53. ^ "'The Scream' Is Auctioned for a Tape $119.ix Million". The New York Times. 3 May 2012.
  54. ^ "Height x Most Expensive Painting Always Sold". NewsFlashing.com.
  55. ^ "Edvard Munch's iconic artwork The Scream sold for $120m". BBC News. BBC. 3 May 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  56. ^ Michaud, Chris (3 May 2012). ""The Scream" sells for record $120 million at auction". Reuters . Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  57. ^ Carol Vogel, At $142.4 Million, Triptych Is the Most Expensive Artwork Ever Sold at an Auction, The New York Times, 12 Nov 2013
  58. ^ Janov, Arthur (1977). The Primal Scream. New York: Abacus. ISBN0-349-11834-5.
  59. ^ "Scream on the Surface". Munch-Museet . Retrieved 29 May 2005.
  60. ^ Kendzior, Sarah (Jan 2000). "The Confront of "Scream"". Fangoria. Starlog Grouping Inc. (189): 29.
  61. ^ "Doctor Who dominate says season get-go is 'darkest even so'". BBC. v April 2011. Retrieved seven April 2011.
  62. ^ NTB: Munchs «Skrik» blir frimerke (in Norwegian), 13 February 2013
  63. ^ Lea, Mathilde (ii April 2018). "Kunsttyv Pål Enger om "Skrik"-tyveriet i ny musikalsk sketsj: - Det var ikke politi i Oslo". Dagbladet.
  64. ^ "Facial Neuralgia Resources". Trigeminal Neuralgia Resource / Facial Neuralgia Resources. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  65. ^ "😱 Face Screaming in Fright". Emojipedia. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
  66. ^ "Permanent Markers Implementation Plan. August 19, 2004, United States Department of Energy Waste Isolation Airplane pilot Plant" (PDF).
  67. ^ "figma The Scream". Good Grinning Company. Retrieved 7 Nov 2016.
  68. ^ Claes, Koenraad (i October 2018), "The Little Magazine every bit a Periodical Portfolio: the Dial, the Pagan Review and the Folio", The Late-Victorian Picayune Mag, Edinburgh Academy Press, pp. 64–106, retrieved iii March 2022

Further reading [edit]

  • Temkin, Ann (2012) The Scream: Edvard Munch, Museum of Modern Fine art
  • Heller, Reinhold (1973). Edvard Munch: The Scream. London: Allen Lane. ISBN978-07-139-0276-one.

External links [edit]

  • Edvard Munch – Biography and Paintings
  • Munch and The Scream – Discussion in the In Our Fourth dimension series on the BBC.
  • The Scream – Zoomable version

frenchboakist.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scream

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